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S4E19 Free Inquiry in the Academy and Beyond: A Conversation with Amna Khalid and Jeff Snyder
In this episode of Madison’s Notes, we’re joined by Professors Amna Khalid and Jeff Snyder for a thought-provoking discussion on the state of free speech in today’s polarized climate. We explore the role of the university as a space for critical inquiry, the challenges to academic freedom, and the growing tensions between open discourse and political pressures. Professors Khalid and Snyder share their perspectives on the biggest threats to free speech today, offering insight into how institutions of higher learning can navigate these complex issues while remaining true to their educational mission. Tune in for a deep dive into the intersection of free expression, education, and the broader societal forces shaping our public discourse.
Amna Khalid is an Associate Professor in the department of History at Carleton College. She specializes in modern South Asian history, the history of medicine and the global history of free expression. Khalid is the author of multiple book chapters on the history of public health in nineteenth-century India, with an emphasis on the connections between Hindu pilgrimages and the spread of epidemics. She completed a Bachelor’s Degree at Lahore University of Management Sciences and earned both an MPhil in Development Studies and a DPhil in History from Oxford University. Growing up under a series of military dictatorships in Pakistan, Khalid has a strong interest in issues relating to free expression. She hosts a podcast and accompanying blog called “Banished,” which explores censorship controversies in the past and present.
Jeff Snyder is an Associate Professor in the department of Educational Studies at Carleton College. He is a historian of education, whose work examines questions about race, national identity and the purpose of public education in a diverse, democratic society. Snyder is the author of the book, Making Black History: The Color Line, Culture and Race in the Age of Jim Crow. He holds a BA from Carleton, an EdM in Learning and Teaching from the Harvard Graduate School of Education and a PhD in the History of Education from New York University. Before pursuing graduate studies, Snyder taught English to Speakers of Other Languages in the Czech Republic, France, China, India, Nepal and the United States.
Khalid and Snyder speak regularly together about academic freedom, free speech and campus politics at colleges and universities across the country. They write frequently on these issues for newspapers and magazines, including The Chronicle of Higher Education, The New Republic and The Washington Post. During the 2022/23 academic year, Khalid and Snyder were fellows with the University of California National Center for Free Speech and Civic Engagement. Their research focused on threats to academic freedom in Florida, the state at the epicenter of the conservative “culture wars” movement to encourage state intervention in public school classrooms. Based on interviews they conducted with Florida faculty members, Khalid and Snyder submitted an amicus brief supporting the plaintiffs who are challenging the Stop WOKE Act.
Madison’s Notes is the podcast of Princeton University’s James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions.
Contributions to and/or sponsorship of any speaker does not constitute departmental or institutional endorsement of the specific program, speakers or views presented.
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‘ফ্রন্ট পেজ’ | Front Page | 05 Sep 2026 | Banglavision News
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UPI Payments Above ₹2,000 to Some Businesses Will Have a New Charge
UPI is used by millions of Indians every day to pay at shops, buy food, pay bills, and send money to friends and family.
From 15 October 2026, some UPI payments made to businesses will have a new Merchant Discount Rate (MDR).
The charge will apply to certain payments of more than ₹2,000 made to businesses. The MDR will be 0.4%, with a maximum charge of ₹300 per transaction. For example, if you pay a shop ₹10,000 through UPI, the merchant would pay ₹40 as MDR. If the payment is ₹1 lakh, the 0.4% charge would normally be ₹400, but the merchant would pay only ₹300 because of the maximum limit.
The customer will not have to pay this charge. Person-to-person UPI payments will also remain free, such as sending money to a friend or family member.
Payments of up to ₹2,000 to businesses will remain free. Small merchants receiving up to ₹1 lakh per month through UPI will also be covered under the Zero-MDR system.
Some categories, including railways, telecom, insurance, fuel and agricultural products, will have a fixed MDR of ₹5 for eligible transactions above ₹2,000.
The Finance Ministry says around 96% of merchant UPI transactions will remain unaffected. It also said the MDR is not a tax collected by the government. The money will be shared among banks and other companies involved in processing UPI payments to support the payment system.
UPI was launched in 2016 and has grown rapidly in India. NPCI’s latest data shows more than 24.5 billion UPI transactions in August 2026 alone.The new charge has raised concerns among some businesses and industry voices.
Entrepreneur Ashneer Grover criticised the move and argued that merchants could pass the additional cost on to customers or become less willing to accept UPI for larger payments.
The government says the new system is intended to support the long-term growth and sustainability of UPI, while businesses are concerned about the additional cost.
The new rules will come into effect from 15 October 2026.
#UPI #UPICharges #UPI2026 #NPCI #UPINews #DigitalPayments #UPIPayments #MerchantDiscountRate #MDR #IndiaNews #UPIUpdate #DigitalIndia #BusinessNews #AshneerGrove #IndiaSigningHands #ISH #ISHNews
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RUNWAY LOOK | September 15, 2026 – Fashion Channel Chronicle
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